MAJOR DISCOURSE SPEECH ONLINE ENGLISH STUDY MATERIAL FOR TENTH CLASS STUDENTS TS STATE.

SPEECH SCRIPT

The key to presenting the perfect speech is preparation and practice. World leaders don’t just stand up and make up a speech on the spot - they carefully prepare beforehand. They even employ people to write their speeches, although remember, this is not an option at school! Speech is basically an oral discourse. But students should also know how to write a speech.

An effective speech needs to: 

• Use the English language skillfully - as you have time to prepare your speech in advance, you can show off your English language skills and vocabulary.
• Be memorable - former Prime Minister Tony Blair was famous for making a speech that included the phrase “Education, education, education”. This use of repetition made the speech memorable and helped his audience identify his key point.
• Make people think - you may have heard of Martin Luther King who repeated the phrase “I have a dream” when he campaigned for equal rights for black Americans. This was a speech designed to inspire and connect with his audience.

TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL SPEECHES

Volume

Your listeners will switch off if they can’t hear you. Use a loud and clear voice, and if you’re unsure if your audience can hear you at the back - just ask “Can you hear me at the back?”

Pace

If you speak too quickly, you won’t be clear. If you speak too slowly, your audience is likely to go to sleep. Vary your pace for effect and use dramatic pauses where appropriate.

Pitch and tone

If you speak like a robot, in the same boring tone, your audience will quickly drift off. Speak naturally and use the pitch of your voice to show your emotions.

Facial expression

You don’t have to gurn at your audience! But if you don’t look like you’re interested in what you have to say, your audience won’t be either.

Gesture and movement

Again, keep it natural, but if you stand like a statue, you won’t be very interesting to watch or listen to. On the other hand, too much arm flapping and leg hopping will distract your audience from the point you’re trying to make.

Visual aids

Use them, but use them effectively. They need to be big enough to see, interesting to look at and relevant to what you are talking about. Don’t be tempted to make a big poster to hide behind!

Vocabulary

Choose words that are interesting, descriptive and appropriate to your audience. Don’t baffle your audience with jargon or slang or lots of big words that are too difficult for anyone else to understand.

Grammar

If it’s appropriate to your audience and task, try to use Standard English. You don’t have to be too formal or put on a silly accent, just speak in a way that is easy for everyone to understand.

Getting over nerves

Most people feel nervous about speaking formally in front of other people.

Here are some tips to help you conquer your nerves:

• Write your speech out in full and read it several times - this will help you gain confidence in the content.
• Prepare small cards with key points of your speech. By now you should be familiar with your speech so these points will help you keep to your structure. Avoid the temptation to read your speech in full - the idea is to test your speaking skills, not your reading skills!
• Practice your performance before the real thing. Try practicing at home on your own, and then in front of family or friends. If you have visual aids, be sure to practice using them.
• On the day, take a deep breath, smile and try to enjoy it. 

MAJOR DISCOURSE DRAMA / PLAY / SCRIPT ONLINE ENGLISH STYDY MATERIAL FOR TENTH CLASS TS STUDENTS

PLAY SCRIPT 

 

A script is a piece of writing in the form of drama. Drama is different from prose forms of writing like novels and short stories because it is intended to be performed, either on stage, radio, television or film. This means that it has to sound effective when it is read out loud. It also means that it has to be written in a special form.This section will deal mainly with writing a script for the stage. There will be a brief section at the end with some pointers for writing a radio script or a screenplay.

 A script consists of :

•  dialogue - what the characters say, and
• stage directions - instructions to the actors and director.

Here is an example of an extract from a play script. Look at it carefully and note the special layout.Notice the following features of the layout of a play script -

Title : It should contain a title.

Scene: say where and when the scene is set

Characters: say which characters are in the scene at the start. You should give any  information that we need to know about them but keep this brief. This might be their age,  occupation or relationship with another character.

Stage directions should be written in brackets.

Characters, plot and dialogue:- It’s not just the layout of a script that’s important. You need to think about characters, plot and dialogue.

Characters :-In a short script, it’s best to limit the number of main characters. Too many characters can be confusing and doesn’t give you time to let the characters develop. Stick to less than four. Your characters should come to life. This is achieved through dialogue.

 Plot:- Usually a play has a conflict, crisis or problem at its centre which needs to be resolved. The characters have to face up to this problemand this is what causes the interest of the play. The problem at the heart of the play does not need to be particularly unusual or exciting in itself. You could write a short script centred round, for example –

• conflict between a parent and teenager about a bad school report
• conflict between two friends about a boy/girlfriend
• a teenager wrongly accused of stealing.

The success of the plot depends on how well it is handled. You also need to think about how easy it will be to stage the plot convincingly on stage. Plots which involve spaceships landing, for example, could lead to serious difficulties!

Dialogue
Good dialogue is central to convincing drama. To make it sound realistic you need to read it out loud to hear what it sounds like. You also need to think about your characters to know how they would speak. Ask yourself –

• where does this character come from?
• what age is s/he?
• what kind of person is s/he?
• what mood is s/he in?
• who is s/he talking to?

For example -

• someone from Aberdeen will probably speak differently from a Glaswegian
• a teacher will probably speak differently from a pupil, even though they come from the same area
• your granny probably uses some words which are different from yours
• an angry person is going to speak differently from someone who is calm.

It can sometimes be effective to use dialogue to contrast types of speakers (e.g. a posh shop assistant and a shopper with a broad accent). Remember also that people do not  always speak in the same way. The words we use, our accent, our tone will differ in different situations.

MAJOR DISCOURSE DESCRIPTION WRITING TENTH CLASS ENGLISH STUDY MATERIAL ONLINE

DESCRIPTION WRITING

Quite often people get involved in certain situations where they may have to talk about others. Sometimes they may have to talk about other things such as places, things, events, processes and so on. This is why we have included description as one of the discourses to be addressed in classroom transaction. As in the case of other discourses this discourse also has its own hierarchies:

• The description of a place graduates itself as travelogue
• Describing events ends up with writing narratives or news reports
• Describing a person can lead to writing biographical sketches and profiles
• Describing a process becomes writing recipes

The classroom process of constructing this discourse depends upon what type of description is targeted and the stage at which the learners are undertaking the task. Let us see what will make the theme of the description. Describing a person Details such as who and what the person is, the physical attributes, societal status, achievements, contributions, personal impressions.

Describing an object:
Details such as what it is, where it is found, physical properties such as shape and colour, what it is used for etc.

Describing a place:
Scenic details of the location, images, sensory perceptions etc.

Describing events:
Details such as what the event is, where it is taking place, the persons or things involved, the order of events, scenic details, images, sensory perceptions etc.

Describing a process:
Details such as what it is for, things involved, sequence etc.The language used for dealing with these details at various stages also will be different. Let me illustrate the point.Please note that description as a distinct discourse is relevant at the lower levels; at higher levels description may get merged with other discourses such as narratives, autobiographies, even in dramas and screen plays.

MAJOR DISCOURSES LETTER WRITING ENGLISH STUDY MATERIAL FOR TENTH CLASS TS STUDENTS ONLINE

 

LETTER WRITING

 

 

 

Now, let us have a look at the features of a letter.

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Sreenagar,

Nalgonda,

February 25^th, 2017.

To

The Editor,

The Hindu,

Vijayawada.

Sir/ Madam,

I am a regular reader of your esteemed newspaper. I am very much interested in reading the news in ‘Friday Review’ in your newspaper every week. I am writing to bring to your notice certain feelings I had when I watched the colour version of the movie ‘Maya Bazaar’. Recently ‘Mayabazaar’ was released again but this time it was a different ‘Maya Bazaar’, Maya Bazaar-in colour! Thanks to the Goldstone Technologies, I was carried away to a different world of colourful visuals. Of course the audio part remained the same. But here and there the effects of digital track sound have made some difference. Such an experiment began in Hindi with ‘Mughal-E-Azam’ and received applause from the audience. I hope many such experiments are welcome to the film lovers.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

Vijay Maruthi,

Z.P.HIGH SCHOOL,

KANDUKURU,

PRAKASAM (Dist.)

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• This is a letter written to the editor of a news paper. So, the language used is semi –formal. Personal reflections also find a place in it, as it is written to express the writer’s opinion.
•  
• The layout and format are of an official letter, where in we have certain expression like Sir/Madam, Thanking you, Yours faithfully, etc., which are the indicators of a traditional official letter. Other parts of the letter like the address of the writer, date, address of the receiver, the necessary punctuations also make the format.
• 
  
• There are 6 – 7 ideas in the letter, viz. establishing that he is a regular reader of the news paper (introduction), why the letter is being written (the reason), and personal reflections on the latest release of an old film in colour (the content). All these ideas have been arranged in a proper sequence without causing any confusion. This helps in a smooth reading and understanding of a text.
•  
• The letter does not look dry if the language is convincing and persuasive. Persuasive language urges the reader to read the letter completely. The expressions – ‘I am a regular reader of your…’, ‘I am very much interested in your…’ and ‘…to bring to your notice…’ come under this feature.
•  
• There are various ideas in the above letter as said above. These ideas are well linked with each other. Not a single idea stands discrete. Observe how different ideas are brought to coherence (linking of different ideas) using the linkers like – recently, of course, thanks to, etc., and the conjunctions – when, and, but etc

MAJOR DISCOURSE BIO SKETCH ENGLISH FOR TENTH CLASS TS ONLINE

BIO-SKETCH

Know how to write a biographical sketch is very important if you have the job of painting the picture of someone’s life or if you are interested in promoting yourself for a particular reason. A biographical sketch can vary depending on who it is being written for and about. The focus of a sketch written about other people is to explain who the person is and provide an overview of the person’s life. If the biographical sketch is written about you from your own point of view, the same criteria apply plus the goal is usually to present yourself in a positive light. There are some tips to writing biographical sketches that will keep people engaged and make others want to know more about the subject of the sketch.

There a few reasons why you would write a biographical sketch for yourself or someone else.

If you are considering writing one for yourself perhaps you need a biographical sketch for a book or maybe you are making a presentation and it was requested that you provide a biographical sketch to be included in a program. Most of the time when you are writing a biographical sketch about yourself it is for self promotion such as when seeking employment. Sometimes people will make professional portfolios that include a resume, pieces of their professional works and the biographical sketch.

 In instances where the biographical sketch is written about someone else, it is mainly for the purpose of informing an audience about that person’s life. These types of biographical sketches usually provide a very detailed account of a person’s life and will include such information as the person’s full name, occupation and their life’s activities. When writing a biographical sketch for yourself or about someone else it is important to consider why you are writing such a piece as this will help you decide what information to add to

complete the sketch.

WRITING A BIO-SKETCH

 

Here are a few tips to help you compile and format all the information which is needed.

 

Get basic information about the subject - In order to effectively write a biographical sketch about a person, you need to obtain basic information about that individual. Such information as the person’s full name, date and place of birth and family background are some examples of basic information that can be used in a biographical sketch.

 

List Achievements and Influences - When writing a biographical sketch about an individual, you should mention his or her personal achievements and how accomplishing certain feats affected his or her life. Likewise, you can also incorporate any personal influences into the autobiographical sketch. There are many people who have a number of personal influences.

 

Arrangement of Information - Once you have gathered all the information that is needed to compose a biographical sketch, it is important that you have a format in which you will present the information. When writing a biographical sketch, there are a number of ways that you can format all the details. There are many sketches that are presented in book format with the story of a person’s life presented in chronological order. This is one of the more popular ways to present a biographical sketch, as it allows the reader trace the subject’s life from beginning to present day.

 

Verify Information - Before publishing or presenting a biographical sketch on an individual, it is very important that the information is confirmed as being accurate. If you are writing a biographical sketch, the subject is the best person to provide information about him or herself. If you obtain information about your subject from other sources make sure to verify its veracity.

 

Writing Your Own Biographical Sketch: The tips on writing a biographical sketch can also be used to write your own story. When a person writes their own biographical sketch it is called an autobiography.

Writing an autobiography is something that many people do. There are many famous people who have published autobiographies to either share their life story or to counteract an unauthorized biographical sketch that was written about them. Even you can write your own biographical sketch, and your personal biographical sketch can be an ongoing project that you can build upon until you are ready to share it with others.

ESSAY WRITING MAJOR DISCOURSE FOR TENTH CLASS ENGLISH TS

 ESSAY WRITING  MAJOR DISCOURSE

ESSAY WRITING

An essay is a short piece of writing that discusses, describes or analyses a topic. It can discuss a subject directly or indirectly, seriously or humorously. It can describe personal opinions, or just report information. An essay can be written from any perspective, but are most commonly written in the first person (I), or third person (subjects that can be substituted with the he, she, it, or they pronouns). There are many different kinds of essays. The following are some of the most common ones:

Expository

The function of the expository essay is to explain something to the reader by giving directions or instructions, or to acquaint your reader with knowledge about how to complete a task or how something is done. You are demonstrating your own knowledge and explaining with facts, not your opinion. It is very important that your tone be reasonable and that your presentation be factual and believable.

Compare and Contrast

The essay could be an unbiased discussion, or an attempt to convince the reader of the benefits of one thing, person, or concept. It could also be written simply to entertain the reader, or to arrive at an insight into human nature. The essay could discuss both similarities and differences, or it could just focus on one or the other. A comparison essay usually discusses the similarities between two things, while the contrast essay discusses the differences.

Cause and Effect

The cause/effect essay explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted from the event. This essay is a study of the relationship between two or more events or experiences. The essay could discuss both causes and effects, or it could simply address one or the other. A cause essay usually discusses the reasons why something happened. An effect essay discusses what happens after a specific event or circumstance. Sources are often required in a cause/effect paper, and your choice of these sources is important as they reflect on the validity of your argument.

Argumentative (Persuasive)

An argumentative essay is one that attempts to persuade the reader to the writer’s point of view. The writer can either be serious or funny, but always tries to convince the reader of the validity of his or her opinion. The essay may argue openly, or it may attempt to subtly persuade the reader by using irony or sarcasm. Your approach is to take a stand on an issue and use evidence to back up your stance, not to explore an unresolved topic.

You must choose a side, make a case for it, consider and refute alternative arguments, and prove to the undecided reader that the opinion it presents is the best one. You must be aware of other sides and be fair to them; dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. It is best to take a side that you believe in, preferably with the most supporting evidence. It can often be educational to adopt a different position from what you might normally choose (debating requires this kind of flexibility).

Informal

Written mainly for enjoyment. This is not to say that it cannot be informative or persuasive; however, it is less a formal statement than a relaxed expression of opinion, observation, humour or pleasure. A good informal essay has a relaxed style but retains a strong structure, though that structure may be less rigid than in a formal paper.

The informal essay tends to be more personal than the formal, even though both may express subjective opinions. In a formal essay the writer is a silent presence behind the words, while in an informal essay the writer is speaking directly to the reader in a conversational style. If you are writing informally, try to maintain a sense of your own personality. Do not worry about sounding

academic, but avoid sloppiness.

Critical Review

This type of essay can be either formal or informal, depending on the context. Its goal is to evaluate a work such as an article or book. Your personal, informed, opinion plays a significant role in the process. However, a certain objective standard needs to be maintained and, as in an argumentative essay, your assertions need to be proved.

The formality of the review will be determined by how much of the essay is analysis, how much is summary and how much is your reaction to the work you are reviewing. A more formal review will not only discuss the work on its own merits but also place it in  context. Newspapers and popular magazines often review in terms of finance: is this CD or film worth spending your money on? Critical journals will attempt to determine whether a new novel or play has achieved something new and significant. A good review will discuss both the qualities and the importance of a given work.

Research (Analytical)

The research essay leads you into the works of others and asks you to compare their thoughts with your own. Writing a research paper involves going to source material  and synthesizing what you learn from it with your own ideas. You must find texts on the subject and use them to support the topic you have been given to explore. Because it is easy to become lost in a wilderness of source material, you must take particular care to narrow your topic. A research paper should demonstrate what you have learned, but it should also show that you have a perspective of your own on the subject.

The greatest danger inherent in the research essay is plagiarism. If your paper consists of a string of quotations or paraphrases with little input of your own, you are not synthesizing but copying, and you should expect a low grade. If any of the borrowings are unacknowledged, you are plagiarizing, and the penalties can be severe.

Literary

In the literary essay, you are exploring the meaning and construction of a piece of literature. This task is more complicated than reviewing, though the two are similarly evaluative. In a review you are discussing the overall effect and validity of written work, while in a literary essay you are paying more attention to specifics. A literary essay focuses on such elements as structure, character, theme, style, tone and subtext. You are taking a piece of writing and trying to discover how and why it is put together the way it is. You must adopt a viewpoint on the work in question and show how the details of the work support your viewpoint.

A literary essay may be your own interpretation, based only on your reading of the piece, or it may be a mixture of your opinions and references to the criticism of others, much like a research paper. Again, be wary of plagiarism and of letting the opinions and ‘voices’ of more experienced writers swamp your own response to the work. If you are going to consult the critics, you should reread the literary work you are discussing and make some notes on it based on your own viewpoint before looking at any criticism.

THE FEATURES OF AN ESSAY

• Title (sometimes followed by an introduction)

• Thesis statement, body and conclusion

• Appropriate paragraphing with main ideas

• Supporting details and examples

• Organization of ideas

• Maintaining coherence - using cohesive devices (such as pronouns, linkers)

• Presenting ideas without digression.


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CHOREOGRAPHY SCRIPT ANOTHER WOMAN

CHOREOGRAPHY SCRIPT

Choreography basically is a dance form through which the performer / performers bring out certain themes. As a performance art it shares some of the features of a drama but is distinct from it as there will not be dialogues and props. We are using choreography as a pedagogical tool for facilitating language acquisition and also to help the learners develop deeper understanding of the poem. At the higher level we use it also for critical appreciation of the poem.

 

As a written discourse, the choreography script will have the following features:

• identification of the main theme and stanza wise themes.
• identifying manifestation of the theme as instances / events taken from real life
• identifying the characters involved in the events and their actions
• creating the setting through the actions of the chorus
• sequencing the actions
• maintaining proper layout of the script
• using appropriate expressions for capturing the actions and movements of the characters and the chorus.

See the choreography script of the first stanza of the poem, Änother Woman” taken from Class 10 Textbook.

 

1. Name of the poem: Another Woman

2. The theme/ themes of the first stanza
    (This morning she bought green ‘methi’ in the market ... and cooked the whole thing in the pot over the stove, shielding her face from the heat) The hardships of a woman as a homemaker. The uncordial relationship between the woman and her mother-in-law

3. Instances of the theme
   
   A woman does all household work, goes to market and buys vegetables, returns home, starts cooking Her mother – in law scolds her for no obvious reasons

4. Locations 

• the interior of a house
• the market
• the kitchen 
•  
• Characters involved
  
• The woman ( the protagonist)
• Her mother – in law
• The chorus for setting the location
• The vegetable vendors
• Two or three people
• 6 to 8 performers to set the different locations

6. Sequence of actions

Scene 1:  The chorus enters the stage and pose themselves in such a way that a visual effect of a house is created.

• The woman mops the floor
• The mother-in law comes from indoors and scolds the woman
• The mother –in law commands the woman to go out
• The woman goes out
• All performers exit the stage

Scene 2: The chorus enters and creates the setting of a market

• Two vegetable vendors sit on the ground and selling vegetables
• One person buy vegetables
• Two or three people enter the market and exit
• The woman enters
• She chooses vegetables and bargains with the vendor
• She collects vegetables and exit
• All performers exit

Scene 3: The chorus enters the stage and pose themselves in such a way that a visual effect of a house is created.

• The woman enters from outside
• The mother-in law comes from indoors and scolds the woman for being late
• The mother –in law commands the woman to cook fast
• She keeps the pot on the stove
• The woman cuts vegetables
• The mother-in law comes near and scolds the woman
• All performers exit the stage