MINOR DISCOURSE DAIRY ENTRY ONLINE ENGLISH STUDY MATERIAL FOR TENTH CLASS TS STUDENTS

DIARY ENTRY

A diary is a very important personal document. It helps in keeping the memories and experiences of a person alive. Memories in the mind may disappear but the written words res park them.

In other words, a diary is a permanent personal record that is kept of the events, thoughts and ideas associated with an individual. Keeping a diary is an excellent means of documenting experiences, ideas and feelings that will have meaning in future life or be of importance to the next generations. It is often considered private and confidential.

Most people choose to write in a diary only when something new and exciting happens. It also is a means of allowing pent up emotions to have some type of out let. Writing a diary leads to the ability to put down emotions and thoughts in a written form, in a purely personal way.

Observe the diary entry for its features.

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Friday, 1st October, 1942.

9:30PM,

Dear Diary,

Today, I am so happy because i have created a new post called Diary Entry which is very important to our Tenth Class Students. This is the model format of writing a diary entry. It requires the Date and Time at the Top Left margin. Then, the Salutation called 'Dear Diary'. The rest of the part is the body of the Dairy. So...this is the way to write a diary entry. Happy Learning. Do share this page and comment after reading this. 

Saleem.

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• The sentences in a diary entry reflect the mood of the writer. The way of expression, the language used is appropriate to the state of mind and expectations of the writer.
•  Further, writing a diary is a personal activity. Hence, we often find self   criticism, introspection and future plans.
•  Though there are various ideas and events in a diary entry, these are linked with each other using various linkers as discussed earlier.

MINOR DISCOURSE NOTICE WRITING ONLINE ENGLISH STUDY MATERIAL FOR TENTH CLASS TS STUDENTS

NOTICE WRITING

A notice is a formal means of communication. The purpose of a notice is to announce or display information to a specific group of people. Notices are generally meant to be pinned up on specific display boards whether in schools or in public places. Notices issued by the government appear in newspapers.

Format:

A notice should be written in the following format:

• the name of the organisation issuing the notice
•  the title ‘NOTICE’
•  a heading to introduce the subject of the notice
•  the date
•  the body of the notice
•  the writer’s signature, name (in block letters) and designation

Name of organisation/office issuing the notice

Date Notice

Heading

Body of letter

Signature

Name

Designation

Points to remember:

•  well-written notice must inform the readers about the 5 Ws:
•  What is going to happen, (that is, the event)
•  Where it will take place
•  When it will take place (that is, the date and time)
•  Who can apply or is eligible for it
•  Whom to contact or apply to (that is, the issuing authority)
•  Only the most important points should be written.
•  A.O.D. – that is, any other detail given in the question.
•  One is free to add any relevant information not included in the question.
•   The sentences should be short and grammatically accurate.

MINOR DISCOURSE PROFILE ONLINE ENGLISH STUDY MATERIAL FOR TENTH CLASS TS STUDENTS

PROFILE

Scholarship applications, personal profiles and supplemental information are reviewed by a scholarship committee comprised of UA faculty and or staff. Depending on how many scholarships each applicant is eligible for, many applications are reviewed by multiple committees. The committees’ task is to match the scholarship program with a scholar.

Direct the readers. Why are you the exemplary choice to receive a scholarship? Committees will evaluate the following: leadership, extracurricular involvement, presentation (grammar, punctuation etc), your educational and career goals and plans, and any other information you feel the committee should know about you or your application. Try to touch upon each of those criterions in your personal profile and go into as much detail as you can within the 3000 character (approximately 500 words) limit. It is recommended that you compose your profile in a word processing program such as Microsoft Word, and then copy and paste into the box provided.

Effective profiles successfully do the following:

 

Give insight about who you are. They show us who you are, how you think, how you decide to act (or not act) upon something, how you approach a problem or dilemma, how you interact with your environment. Avoid being melancholy! You do have something interesting to write about. Don’t write a resume (unless asked for); let us know what makes you stand out amongst the other applicants. Your personal profile is read by committee members making scholarship recommendations so take the time to put your best foot forward.

  

Profile Brainstorms:

• Describe activities you are involved in that relate to your educational plan or your future career.
• Describe a scholastic achievement you have made, and why it is important to you.
•  Describe contributions you have made to your community and/or campus and explain how those experiences have contributed to your personal growth.
• Pick an experience from your own life and explain how it has influenced your development
• Where do you see yourself 10 years from now. You may choose a topic that 200 other students write about (which is fine). But how you write about your topic can distinguish your essay from the pack.
• Write logically where the reader can follow your train of thought. Make sure your sentences relate to each other. Use transitions when a change takes place in your story or you are making a new point.
• Avoid redundant sentences and phrases.

MAJOR DISCOURSE SPEECH ONLINE ENGLISH STUDY MATERIAL FOR TENTH CLASS STUDENTS TS STATE.

SPEECH SCRIPT

The key to presenting the perfect speech is preparation and practice. World leaders don’t just stand up and make up a speech on the spot - they carefully prepare beforehand. They even employ people to write their speeches, although remember, this is not an option at school! Speech is basically an oral discourse. But students should also know how to write a speech.

An effective speech needs to: 

• Use the English language skillfully - as you have time to prepare your speech in advance, you can show off your English language skills and vocabulary.
• Be memorable - former Prime Minister Tony Blair was famous for making a speech that included the phrase “Education, education, education”. This use of repetition made the speech memorable and helped his audience identify his key point.
• Make people think - you may have heard of Martin Luther King who repeated the phrase “I have a dream” when he campaigned for equal rights for black Americans. This was a speech designed to inspire and connect with his audience.

TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL SPEECHES

Volume

Your listeners will switch off if they can’t hear you. Use a loud and clear voice, and if you’re unsure if your audience can hear you at the back - just ask “Can you hear me at the back?”

Pace

If you speak too quickly, you won’t be clear. If you speak too slowly, your audience is likely to go to sleep. Vary your pace for effect and use dramatic pauses where appropriate.

Pitch and tone

If you speak like a robot, in the same boring tone, your audience will quickly drift off. Speak naturally and use the pitch of your voice to show your emotions.

Facial expression

You don’t have to gurn at your audience! But if you don’t look like you’re interested in what you have to say, your audience won’t be either.

Gesture and movement

Again, keep it natural, but if you stand like a statue, you won’t be very interesting to watch or listen to. On the other hand, too much arm flapping and leg hopping will distract your audience from the point you’re trying to make.

Visual aids

Use them, but use them effectively. They need to be big enough to see, interesting to look at and relevant to what you are talking about. Don’t be tempted to make a big poster to hide behind!

Vocabulary

Choose words that are interesting, descriptive and appropriate to your audience. Don’t baffle your audience with jargon or slang or lots of big words that are too difficult for anyone else to understand.

Grammar

If it’s appropriate to your audience and task, try to use Standard English. You don’t have to be too formal or put on a silly accent, just speak in a way that is easy for everyone to understand.

Getting over nerves

Most people feel nervous about speaking formally in front of other people.

Here are some tips to help you conquer your nerves:

• Write your speech out in full and read it several times - this will help you gain confidence in the content.
• Prepare small cards with key points of your speech. By now you should be familiar with your speech so these points will help you keep to your structure. Avoid the temptation to read your speech in full - the idea is to test your speaking skills, not your reading skills!
• Practice your performance before the real thing. Try practicing at home on your own, and then in front of family or friends. If you have visual aids, be sure to practice using them.
• On the day, take a deep breath, smile and try to enjoy it. 

MAJOR DISCOURSE BIO SKETCH ENGLISH FOR TENTH CLASS TS ONLINE

BIO-SKETCH

Know how to write a biographical sketch is very important if you have the job of painting the picture of someone’s life or if you are interested in promoting yourself for a particular reason. A biographical sketch can vary depending on who it is being written for and about. The focus of a sketch written about other people is to explain who the person is and provide an overview of the person’s life. If the biographical sketch is written about you from your own point of view, the same criteria apply plus the goal is usually to present yourself in a positive light. There are some tips to writing biographical sketches that will keep people engaged and make others want to know more about the subject of the sketch.

There a few reasons why you would write a biographical sketch for yourself or someone else.

If you are considering writing one for yourself perhaps you need a biographical sketch for a book or maybe you are making a presentation and it was requested that you provide a biographical sketch to be included in a program. Most of the time when you are writing a biographical sketch about yourself it is for self promotion such as when seeking employment. Sometimes people will make professional portfolios that include a resume, pieces of their professional works and the biographical sketch.

 In instances where the biographical sketch is written about someone else, it is mainly for the purpose of informing an audience about that person’s life. These types of biographical sketches usually provide a very detailed account of a person’s life and will include such information as the person’s full name, occupation and their life’s activities. When writing a biographical sketch for yourself or about someone else it is important to consider why you are writing such a piece as this will help you decide what information to add to

complete the sketch.

WRITING A BIO-SKETCH

 

Here are a few tips to help you compile and format all the information which is needed.

 

Get basic information about the subject - In order to effectively write a biographical sketch about a person, you need to obtain basic information about that individual. Such information as the person’s full name, date and place of birth and family background are some examples of basic information that can be used in a biographical sketch.

 

List Achievements and Influences - When writing a biographical sketch about an individual, you should mention his or her personal achievements and how accomplishing certain feats affected his or her life. Likewise, you can also incorporate any personal influences into the autobiographical sketch. There are many people who have a number of personal influences.

 

Arrangement of Information - Once you have gathered all the information that is needed to compose a biographical sketch, it is important that you have a format in which you will present the information. When writing a biographical sketch, there are a number of ways that you can format all the details. There are many sketches that are presented in book format with the story of a person’s life presented in chronological order. This is one of the more popular ways to present a biographical sketch, as it allows the reader trace the subject’s life from beginning to present day.

 

Verify Information - Before publishing or presenting a biographical sketch on an individual, it is very important that the information is confirmed as being accurate. If you are writing a biographical sketch, the subject is the best person to provide information about him or herself. If you obtain information about your subject from other sources make sure to verify its veracity.

 

Writing Your Own Biographical Sketch: The tips on writing a biographical sketch can also be used to write your own story. When a person writes their own biographical sketch it is called an autobiography.

Writing an autobiography is something that many people do. There are many famous people who have published autobiographies to either share their life story or to counteract an unauthorized biographical sketch that was written about them. Even you can write your own biographical sketch, and your personal biographical sketch can be an ongoing project that you can build upon until you are ready to share it with others.

ESSAY WRITING MAJOR DISCOURSE FOR TENTH CLASS ENGLISH TS

 ESSAY WRITING  MAJOR DISCOURSE

ESSAY WRITING

An essay is a short piece of writing that discusses, describes or analyses a topic. It can discuss a subject directly or indirectly, seriously or humorously. It can describe personal opinions, or just report information. An essay can be written from any perspective, but are most commonly written in the first person (I), or third person (subjects that can be substituted with the he, she, it, or they pronouns). There are many different kinds of essays. The following are some of the most common ones:

Expository

The function of the expository essay is to explain something to the reader by giving directions or instructions, or to acquaint your reader with knowledge about how to complete a task or how something is done. You are demonstrating your own knowledge and explaining with facts, not your opinion. It is very important that your tone be reasonable and that your presentation be factual and believable.

Compare and Contrast

The essay could be an unbiased discussion, or an attempt to convince the reader of the benefits of one thing, person, or concept. It could also be written simply to entertain the reader, or to arrive at an insight into human nature. The essay could discuss both similarities and differences, or it could just focus on one or the other. A comparison essay usually discusses the similarities between two things, while the contrast essay discusses the differences.

Cause and Effect

The cause/effect essay explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted from the event. This essay is a study of the relationship between two or more events or experiences. The essay could discuss both causes and effects, or it could simply address one or the other. A cause essay usually discusses the reasons why something happened. An effect essay discusses what happens after a specific event or circumstance. Sources are often required in a cause/effect paper, and your choice of these sources is important as they reflect on the validity of your argument.

Argumentative (Persuasive)

An argumentative essay is one that attempts to persuade the reader to the writer’s point of view. The writer can either be serious or funny, but always tries to convince the reader of the validity of his or her opinion. The essay may argue openly, or it may attempt to subtly persuade the reader by using irony or sarcasm. Your approach is to take a stand on an issue and use evidence to back up your stance, not to explore an unresolved topic.

You must choose a side, make a case for it, consider and refute alternative arguments, and prove to the undecided reader that the opinion it presents is the best one. You must be aware of other sides and be fair to them; dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. It is best to take a side that you believe in, preferably with the most supporting evidence. It can often be educational to adopt a different position from what you might normally choose (debating requires this kind of flexibility).

Informal

Written mainly for enjoyment. This is not to say that it cannot be informative or persuasive; however, it is less a formal statement than a relaxed expression of opinion, observation, humour or pleasure. A good informal essay has a relaxed style but retains a strong structure, though that structure may be less rigid than in a formal paper.

The informal essay tends to be more personal than the formal, even though both may express subjective opinions. In a formal essay the writer is a silent presence behind the words, while in an informal essay the writer is speaking directly to the reader in a conversational style. If you are writing informally, try to maintain a sense of your own personality. Do not worry about sounding

academic, but avoid sloppiness.

Critical Review

This type of essay can be either formal or informal, depending on the context. Its goal is to evaluate a work such as an article or book. Your personal, informed, opinion plays a significant role in the process. However, a certain objective standard needs to be maintained and, as in an argumentative essay, your assertions need to be proved.

The formality of the review will be determined by how much of the essay is analysis, how much is summary and how much is your reaction to the work you are reviewing. A more formal review will not only discuss the work on its own merits but also place it in  context. Newspapers and popular magazines often review in terms of finance: is this CD or film worth spending your money on? Critical journals will attempt to determine whether a new novel or play has achieved something new and significant. A good review will discuss both the qualities and the importance of a given work.

Research (Analytical)

The research essay leads you into the works of others and asks you to compare their thoughts with your own. Writing a research paper involves going to source material  and synthesizing what you learn from it with your own ideas. You must find texts on the subject and use them to support the topic you have been given to explore. Because it is easy to become lost in a wilderness of source material, you must take particular care to narrow your topic. A research paper should demonstrate what you have learned, but it should also show that you have a perspective of your own on the subject.

The greatest danger inherent in the research essay is plagiarism. If your paper consists of a string of quotations or paraphrases with little input of your own, you are not synthesizing but copying, and you should expect a low grade. If any of the borrowings are unacknowledged, you are plagiarizing, and the penalties can be severe.

Literary

In the literary essay, you are exploring the meaning and construction of a piece of literature. This task is more complicated than reviewing, though the two are similarly evaluative. In a review you are discussing the overall effect and validity of written work, while in a literary essay you are paying more attention to specifics. A literary essay focuses on such elements as structure, character, theme, style, tone and subtext. You are taking a piece of writing and trying to discover how and why it is put together the way it is. You must adopt a viewpoint on the work in question and show how the details of the work support your viewpoint.

A literary essay may be your own interpretation, based only on your reading of the piece, or it may be a mixture of your opinions and references to the criticism of others, much like a research paper. Again, be wary of plagiarism and of letting the opinions and ‘voices’ of more experienced writers swamp your own response to the work. If you are going to consult the critics, you should reread the literary work you are discussing and make some notes on it based on your own viewpoint before looking at any criticism.

THE FEATURES OF AN ESSAY

• Title (sometimes followed by an introduction)

• Thesis statement, body and conclusion

• Appropriate paragraphing with main ideas

• Supporting details and examples

• Organization of ideas

• Maintaining coherence - using cohesive devices (such as pronouns, linkers)

• Presenting ideas without digression.


ALL THE BEST .........................


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